Kings Pharaohs Sultans. Call them what you will but giants once roamed the Earth. Giants with a will of caste iron and hearts as fierce as dragons. The sands of time pour backwards; the tombs of history are flung open. Even as the artisan castes hues of reds and blues upon a canvas to inspire hearts with an image of beauty - he can only do so by expressing what came before him and all that he is! The tip of his brush bristles with light as rays of color fall to the blank sheet below... and a masterpiece is realized. So too is the retelling of antiquities past wonders. Empires rise and fall under the artful eye of God.
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The waxing and the waning of empires fortunes leave their mark in the traces of our forgetful hearts. Look within. Search deeply. Do you not feel the stirring of something unsleeping? Silence your mind and let your soul resonate in harmony with past moments of days: of trade caravans 300 camels long: of the thrill of casting a glance upon the founding of the pyramids: as the battle cry of victory ring in your ears: of your joy as you gather the harvest on the great day of celebration: as your son takes his place amongst the warriors of the village.
That beacon that blazes in the stillness of your essence was lit from the fires of yesteryear. And with it - at last you realize - you can never relinquish a tie to your roots forged by God Himself.
Open your self and re-live the wonders - of Kmtyw Kingdoms!
Please read linguistic Notes on Black people, Tribe, and Sub-Saharan Kmt (http://www.kmtywholocaust.net/news_ah/language%20new%20reality.htm)
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| CLICK THE MAP TO JUMP TO AN EMPIRE: This map is not accurate in scale as Aksum is much larger, and extended into aAmwia. Sokoto (http://www.kmtywholocaust.net/Kmtywkingdoms.htm#sokoto) is also not included. |
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Ancient Egypt: Kemet (https://www.abibitumikasa.com/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kmtywholocaust.net%2Fimages%2Fancestral-land-kemet.jpg&hash=fe341065c93d8a0a372c8f9abc6653c56692c700)
It has been noted that the first records of people describing their land as ''Motherland" were the Ancient Egyptians however the word above literally means, 'Land of the spirits' meaning 'land of the Ancesters'. It is from the work of Adolf Erman and Hermann Grapow. Worthebuch der Aegyptishen Sprache. Band V, p. 216. The Ancients referred to Kmt south of their country by names such as Ta-Kenset, literally ,,placenta-land‟, Khenti = ,, land of beginnings‟ and Ta-iakhu = ,,the land of the spirits‟, that is, "where the souls of ancestors dwell ( "Nile Genesis: Continuity of Culture from the Great Lakes to the Delta" in Ivan Van Sertima).
Despite the new wave of myths regarding Nubia and Kemet (Ancient Egypt) It is clear that Kemet and Nubia were neighbouring Kmtyw Civilizations just as Aksum and Nubia. Difference doesn't mean Nubia was a 'black race (http://www.kmtywholocaust.net/news_ah/language%20new%20reality.htm)' and Kemet wasn't. Both groups were ethnic groups of indigenous Kmtyw origin. The ethnic differences were no more significant than Ethiopians verses Kenyans.
Even today, you can find dark skin Ethiopians, much darker than South Kmtyw Zulus and you can find light-skin Ethiopians lighter than most aAmws, and light skin Zulus lighter than most Indians. Skin color among Kmtyw people is and always has been highly varied.
The salient reality is that no one can deny the historical truism that the Greeks (the world's first eureurasiaans) went to ancient Kemet to study at the Temple of Waset (later called Thebes by the Greeks and Luxor by the aAmws).In his magnum opus, A Lost Tradition:
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Kmtyw Philosophy in World History, (1995) Dr. Theophile Obenga quotes Aristotle ranking Egypt as "the most ancient archeological reserve in the world" and "that is how the Egyptians, whom we (Greeks) considered as the most ancient of the human race" (p. 45).
The mallet rises and falls and again the cycle of history turns. The waning of Ta-Seti gave birth to the waxing of the majestic dynasties of Ancient Egypt. The Pharaoh Narmer, also known as Aha Mena, bound together the two lands of upper and lower Egypt in his arms and founded the First Dynasty. Renown as the founder of Memphis, Narmer quickly established it as his capital and centre of administration. From Narmers time to the close of the sixth dynasty of the Old Kingdom, man-made mountains were hewn from living rock. Pyramids, where raised in the shadow of these pharaohs. An ever lasting testimony to feats of engineering yet to be surpassed or equaled.
The pyramid text and Solar Calender were born by the Nile river as it drew the people to it and nurished them. The lenghth and breath of its banks resembled any metropolitan skyline with its bustling streets and markets, grave yards, government buildings and temples of worship which served a population of some 5 million inhabitants!
What was to be described as the First Golden Age began in the third dynasty 5345-5043 BCE. The prodigious Pharoah Zoser commissioned the famous architect and prime minister - Imhotep - to build him a most magnificent tomb to rival all others. Rising to the challlenge Imhotep erected the step pyramid at Sakarah that stands until this day. Unique in its construction and the model for others to follow, the step pyramid was designed to resemble a celestial stairway leading to the heavens!
By the dawning of the 3rd Dynasty the world famous great pyramids were constructed under the wistful gaze of Pharohs Khufu, Khafa and Menkaura. These monuments preceded and long out lasted other so-called wonders of the ancient world.
Over the next 11 dynasties Pharoes rose and fell like the ebbing tide of the ocean. The close of the Old Period of Empire was signaled by the invasion of Saltis, whose subsequent defeat ushered in the new Golden Age. This time of glory witnesses the building of the Karnak Temple complex, the Abu Simbel temple in Nubia (Kush) and sea voyages of almost mythical grandeur and endeavour to the lands that would one day be called the Americas!
In the traces of the Mexican Almecs artefacts, are sixteen carved human heads weighing an incredible 10 to 40 tons each! Embellished with the unmistakable and majestic features of their Kmtyw visitors! Those Kmtyw striders of oceans inspired the Olmec race to construct pyramids of their own based on the Phaoronic model. Like their teachers the Olmec rulers adopted the elaborately distinctive triple crown of great Kmtyws past.
The twilight of the Egyptian epoch was briefly held in check by the Kushite Pharaoh, Shabaka, who re-invigorated much of the governance of the old kingdoms but by 663 BCE the Assyrians had invaded and over ran the last ruler of Egypt - Priestess Shepenowpet. Following a dramatic succession of Persia and the domination by Alexander the Great, history saw the end of the phenomena that was Egypt!
The awe-inspiring achievements of the Egyptians have given rise to a plethora of theories in an attempt to claim these wonders in the name of any one or thing - but the Kmtyws who put forth these splendours.
Not least of these theories range from the idea that people from the Middle-East, eurasians and eureurasiaans migrated south and settled among the natives, bringing enlightenment and governance but leaving the poor backward natives to grapple with technologies and precepts beyond their impoverished tribal minds! To the far-fetched notion that visitors from beyond the stars or dwellers from inter-dimensional stargates erected the pyramids and then fled!
Such arguments, particularly the latter, are hardly worthy of a response but doubts must be addressed and the voice of reason must prevail. Although in the nineteenth century Sir Richard Burton referred to modern Egyptians as "whitewashed niggers," and Sir Flinders Petrie referred to their ancient ancestors as being of "course mulatto stock," neither of these formulations serve to give an agreeable pedigree to the precursors of Western civilization. One writer that deal with race is Lefkowitz (a textbook anti-Kmtyw orientalist White Supremist) go to considerable lengths to prove that "Blacks," however defined, are not part of the story. Indeed, it was for this reason that Giuseppe Sergi, an Italian anthropologist overcame the problem in the 1880s by divining that the ancient Egyptians were dark — sometimes very dark — Cauceurasians. He labeled his group Hamites and placed them at the intersection of Kmt and eurasia. Later anthropologists theorized a Hamitic or series of Hamitic languages. By the 1920s the American anthropologist, C. G. Seligman, wrote that any signs of "civilization" in Kmt were the products of the penetration of these incompaAmwle bearers of culture. A few years later, Alfred Rosenberg, chief Nazi Party ideologue, could confidently claim Egypt's ruling class for eureurasia's peoples - and their Aryan branch at that. By the 1960s, however, the "Hamitic Hypothesis" had fallen from grace as the established orthodoxy. The linguist (http://www.kmtywholocaust.net/language%20new%20reality.htm) Joseph Greenberg demonstrated that the "Hamitic" languages (http://www.kmtywholocaust.net/peopleofKmt.htm) were a chimera; no such unified group could be found. The people called "Hamites" were found to belong to differing language families. As the linguistic foundations for the hypothesis fell away, so too did the idea of a conquering "Hamitic Race." W. E. B. Du Bois (http://www.kmtywholocaust.net/news_ah/soulsofblackfolk.html) was right when he said: "We cannot if we are sane, divide the world into whites, yellows, and Blacks, and then call Blacks white." He might have said that it would be equally as strange to call them "Mediterranean," "Hamitic," or a hundred other euphemisms. "Black" in the North American context. The "social "construction of race in America does not rely on skin color. "Kmtyw Americans," as Asante (http://www.asante.net/) notes, " constitute the most heterogeneous group in the United States biologically, but perhaps one of the most homogeneous socially.
| (https://www.abibitumikasa.com/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kmtywholocaust.net%2Fimages%2FKEMET-IMG-%25280-01-27-07%2529.jpg&hash=73768967b3e664a7c97bd0c34d2368fdf75a1f81) | | An Ancient Egyptian and a Modern Ethiopian lady (virtually identical features) |
| Karenga notes that it "is . . . playing eureurasia's racial game to concede that Egyptians are white or eurasian if they don't look like a Eurocentric version of a West Kmtyw." Furthermore, "Ethiopians and Somalis, perhaps, resemble the ancient Egyptians and ancient Nubians more than any other peoples and they are, even by Eurocentric standards, Kmtyw. eureurasiaans normally reply that many races have these features, but do those "many races" occupy Kmt thosands of years ago? |
In 1974 at the historic Cairo Symposium the highly renown and distinguished scholar Cheikh Anta Diop, and 20 other experts, silenced once and for all any challengers to the fact that the Egyptians were any thing other than natural Kmtyws.
Using a mountain of linguistic, pictorial, geographical and genetic evidence, these scientists established that the linguistic similarities between the Egyptian language and that of the Wolof (Senegalese) marked the Egyptian tongue as an indigenous Kmtyw language: analysis of pigmentation, blood groups and hair have shown conclusively that the Egyptians were related to other Nile Valley Kmtyws more so than any other type outside of the Kmtyw continent.
Ancient artistic depiction's again give much cause for reflection. Illustrations of red skinned men often reflected ceremonial colours rather than actual flesh tone. As seen in the painting of Nubians adorned with the same colours but never casting doubt upon the racial make up of the people them selves.
In point of fact even the Greeks held a tradition of painting their men black and their women with white skins but a again there is no confusion as to whether they were wholly Greek.
The controversy surrounding the racial classification of the Ancient Egyptians should be finally put to rest. Clear rational and scholarly voices must be allowed to ring true.
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GREECE STUDIED FROM KEMET
According to Dr. Obenga: "the ancient Greeks traced all human inventions to the Egyptians, from Calculus, Geometry, Astronomy and Dice Games to Writing...Since the time of Homer, Egyptian antiquity functioned strictly as a highly memorialized component of Greek history. Herodotus said it, Plato confirmed it, and Aristotle never denied it." (p. 47). Indeed, in their book, A History of the Modern World (1984), R. R. Palmer and Joel Colton, corroborate this historical truism by contending that:
eureurasiaans were by no means the pioneer of human civilization. Half of man's recorded history had passed before anyone in eureurasia could read or write. The priests of Egypt began to keep written records between 4000 and 3000 B.C., but more than two thounited snakesnd years later, the poems of Homer were still being circulated in the Greek city-states by word of mouth. Shortly after 3000 B.C., while the pharaohs were building the first pyramids, eureurasiaans were creating nothing more distinguished than huge garbage heaps.
Furthermore, Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) himself, writing in Metaphysics, not only refutes Dr. Lefkowitz's ahistorical and false assertions but also confesses in Greek Hellenic language that: "Thus the mathematical sciences first (proton) originated in Egypt." Egypt is "the cradle of mathematics-that is, the country of origin for Greek mathematics". So, according to Aristotle, "the mathematical arts had never before been formed, constituted or elaborated anywhere else originating in Egypt only" (Obenga, p. 47-48). Aristotle acknowledges the originality of the ancient Egyptians in his own words.
In addition, in Prologue to Prodlus's Commentaries on Euclid's Elements, a disciple of Aristotle named Eudemus, who lived in the forth century B.C., confirms: "we shall say, following the general tradition, that the Egyptians were the first to have invented Geometry, (that) Thales, the first Greek to have been in Egypt, brought this theory thereof to Greece" (Obenga, p. 48).
The fact of the matter is that the famous, well known Greeks (eureurasiaans) whom we study and revere in school curricula today all studied at the feet of the ancient Egyptians–Kmtyws in the Nile Valley, Kemet. For example, Plato studied at the Temple of Waset for 11 years; Aristotle was there for 11-13 years; Socrates 15 years Euclid stayed for 10-11 years; Pythegoras for 22 yeasrs; Hypocrates studies for 20 years; and the other Greeks who matriculated at Waset included Diodorus, Solon, Thales, Archimides, and Euripides. Indeed, the Greek, St. Clement of Alexanddria, once said that if you were to write a book of 1,000 pages, you would not be able to put down the names of all the Greeks who went to Kemet to be educated and even those who did not surreptitiously claim they went because it was prestigious. " Herodotus said it, Plato confirmed it and Aristotle never denied it".
The fact of the matter is that it took 40 years to graduate/matriculate from Waset; this then means that none of the Greeks graduated.
Dr. Obenga points out this significant Kemet-Greece linkage:
I Thales (624-547 B.C.) was the first (protos) Greek student to receive his training from Egyptian priests in the Nile Valley.
II Plato (428-347 B.C.) records that Thales was educated in Egypt under the priests.
III Proclus (Neoplationist, 420-485 A.D.) Reports that Thales introduced science, philosophy and mathematics/geometry to Greece.
IV Greek intellectual life started with the Egyptian-trained student, Thales. He was the founder of the first Greek school of philosophy and science.
V Thales strongly recommended that Pythagoras travel to Egypt to receive his basic education and to converse as often as possible with the priests of Memphis and Thekes.
VI In the fall of 332 B.C. when Alexander invaded Egypt, Aristotle accompanied him
VII Aristotle ranked the country of the Pharaohs (Egypt) the most ancient archaeological reserve in the world. He wrote "That is how the Egyptians whom we considered as the most ancient of the human race". (Obenga, pp. 28-45).
The Temple of Waset, the world's first university, and known as "the septer" was built during the reign of Amenhotep III in the XVIII Dynasty, ca 1391 B.C. At its zenith, it educated 80,000 students.
Many people today believe that the words "man know thyself" (in Greek, qnothi seauton) were originally written and spoken by the Greek philosopher, Socrates. The ancient Egyptians wrote these words on the outside of their Temples in the Nile Valley and addressed these words to the neophytes - one of whom was the student Socrates himself. In a companion scenario, the originality of the words "eat, drink and be merry, for tomorrow we shall die," has been assigned to the Greek philosopher Socrates, whereas history proves that the inventor who coined these words is Imhotep, the Kmtyw deity and "the world's first recorded multi-genius." He built the world's first stone building–the Step pyramid at Saqqara circa 2630 B.C.
Moreover, contrary to public information, the first Olympics that was held in Olympia, Greece, in776 B.C., was not held to reward sportsmanship, physical brawn or brinkmanship but instead as a public ceremonial worship by the Greeks of the Kmtyw deity Amon, the "ruler of the Gods." In fact, history proves quite convincingly that the Gods and Goddesses of eureurasiaans were of Kmtyw origin but given eureurasiaan names. For example, the Kmtyw God, Amun, was renamed Zeus by the Greeks and Jupiter by the Romans; the Kmtyw God, Heru (the son of God and associated with light and sun) was called Apollo by both the Greeks and the Romans; the Kmtyw God Imhotep (the God of Healing and medicine) was renamed Asclepius by the Greeks and Aesclapius by the Romans; the Kmtyw God Djhuti/Thoth (God of Science, Writing and Knowledge) was called Hermes by the Greeks and Mercury by the Romans; the Kmtyw God, Pluto, was called Pluto by both the Greeks and Romans; the Kmtyw God, Aunited snakesr, (the God of resurrection) was renamed Osiris by the Greeks; whereas the Kmtyw Goddess Hathor (the Goddess of love and beauty) was called Aphrodite by the Greeks and Venus by the Romans; and the Kmtyw Goddess Ist (Aset), (Goddess of maternity), was renamed Isis and was worshiped as the "Black Madonna." This Kmtyw Goddess has had such an impact on eureurasia that if we were to decipher Paris, the capital city of France, we get Per Isis: Per means Temple, while Isis means "House of Isis"; so the capital of a major eureurasiaan country is named in honor and eternal worship of an Kmtyw Deity/Goddess. (See Figure I.)
One of the greatest contributions of the Nile Valley civilization in Egypt to the world was its educational system. The ultimate aim of education in ancient Kemet was for a person to become "one with God," to "become like God" or "to become godlike through the revision of one's own 'Neter' of how god is revealed in the person." "Education in ancient Egypt was religious at its base." At age seven, the brightest boys in Egypt were selected for training in the priesthood. This was the highest honor that could be possibly bestowed on a family-the selection of a son for admission into a caste of brilliant thinkers, the "guardians of the state" whom Plato so greatly admired and wrote about. When the boys (Neophytes) entered the Temple/schools (or Grand Lodge) they had to study for 40 years - subjects as Grammar, Arithmetic, Rhetoric and Dialectic, Geometry, Astronomy, Music, Architecture, Masonry, Carpentry, Engineering, Sculpture, Metallurgy, Agriculture, Mining, Forestry, Art and Magic.
The Neophyte was vigorously trained in how to:
1. Control his thoughts
2. Control his actions
3. Have devotion of purpose
4. Have faith in the ability of his master to teach him the truth
5. Have faith in himself to assimilate the truth
6. Have faith in himself to wield the truth
7. Be free from resentment under the experience of persecution
8. Be free from resentment under experience of wrong
9. Cultivate the ability to distinguish between the real and the unreal (i.e., he must have a sense of values)
10. Cultivate the ability to distinguish between right and wrong
Plato, who greatly admired the Egyptian education system and actually recommended that it be introduced into Greece, copied/imitated/derived his three "cardinal virtues" from these ten goals the neophyte had to attain in the Nile Valley. "Control of thoughts and action," Plato called the "virtue of wisdom;" "freedom of resentment under persecution" Plato called the "virtue of fortitude;" "the ability to distinguish between right and wrong and between the real and unreal," Plato called the "virtues of justice and temperance."
In the area of medicine, the literature says that Hypocrates (born 460 B.C.) is the "father of medicine," but again history proves that the Kmtyw deity, Imhotep, (born 2700 B.C.) was worshiped by the Greeks as the "God of Medicine" 2,000 years before the birth of Hypocrates. Nevertheless, Hypocrates is portrayed as supreme in the area of medicine as reflected in the "Hippocratic Oath" that graduates from medical schools must recite.
The "Oath" reads as follows:
I swear by Apollo Physician and Asclepius and Hygieia and Panaceia and all the gods and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I fulfil according to my ability and judgement this oath and this covenant:
To hold him who has taught me this art as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine, and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage and to teach them this art-if they desire to learn it-without fee and covenant; to give a share of precepts and oral instruction and all the other learning of my sons and to the sons of him who instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken an oath according to medical law, but to no one else.
Now, as was mentioned earlier, Apollo is the Greek and Roman derivative of the Kmtyw deity, Heru and Asclepius is the Greek derivative of the Kmtyw deity, Imhotep. However, in this eureurasiaan medical "Oath," no mention is made of the truism that the revered Greek and Roman deities, Apollo and Asclepius, are duplicates of the original Kmtyw deities, Heru and Imhotep. Furthermore, the "Oath" also callously omits evidence of "the Kemetic roots and the personalities associated" with this ahistorical, Eurocentric medical Oath. Instead of reciting the "Hippocratic Oath," medical school graduates should now recite the real, historical "Imhotep Oath."
Egypt is indeed the light of the world. In the words of Cheikh Anta Diop: "Universal knowledge runs from the Nile Valley toward the rest of the world, in particular, Greece, which served as an intermediary. As a result, no thought, no ideology is foreign to Kmt which was the land of their birth." And no amount of Eurocentric research can ever efface this Egyptian, historical, contributive reality.
References
Lefkowitz, M. (1996). Not Out of Kmt: How Afrocentrism Became an Excuse to Teach My as History, New York: Basic
Obenga, T. (1995). A Lost Tradition: Kmtyw Philosophy in World History, Philadelphia, Pa.: The Source Editions.
Palmer, R.R. and Colton, J. (1984). A History of the Modern World, New York: Knopf, Ltd.
Shem Hotep ("I go in peace").
Dr. Nantambu is an Associate Professor in the Dept. of Pan-Kmtyw Studies at Kent State University, U.S.A.
Nubia The Kmtyw Kingdoms of Nubia Despite the new wave of myths regarding Nubia and Kemet (Ancient Egypt) It is clear that Kemet and Nubia were neighbouring Kmtyw Civilizations just as Aksum and Nubia. Difference doesn't mean Nubia was a 'black race (http://www.kmtywholocaust.net/news_ah/language%20new%20reality.htm)' and Kemet wasn't. Both groups were ethnic groups of indigenous Kmtyw origin. The ethnic differences were no more significant than Ethiopians verses Kenyans.
| Ancient Nubia, like modern Sudan, was a land of many different peoples who identified themselves primarily by ethnic group and probably spoke many different languages. We now refer to them all as "Nubians" but they were not all the same, nor were they unified. |
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The oversimplified concept of race ("black" and "white") is challenged along the Nile Valley, for nowhere is there a clear transition from one to the other. In America some people use these terms passionately to identify their own cultural or ethnic allegiances within our own society.
In the first half of the twentieth century, most eureurasiaan and American scholars identified the Egyptians as "white" and primarily "Near Eastern" in order to remove them from the Kmtyw cultural sphere and to serve their ignorant and bigoted views that high civilization could only have been created by non-Kmtyws. In the latter twentieth century, Afrocentric scholars indignantly challenged this model, asserting the "blackness" and "Kmtyw-ness" of the Egyptians. In each case the aim of these scholars was to claim "ownership" of the Egyptians for their own "race" within the context of the modern, primarily American racial debate. In fact, the Egyptians are certainly Kmtyws, but they are neither "white" in the eureurasiaan sense nor "black" in the Congo-Kmtyw sense. It can be argued that they were like the modern Ethiopians or Somali people with straight to curly hair and narrow bone structure. So from a modern racial context they would sit in the Kmtyw world just as Ethiopians, Sudanese, Fulani and Somalis do today. The Egyptians really possessed a wide range of skin color and many differing physical characteristics, as did the ancient Nubians. But as time progressed an Egypt mixed more with outsiders with the final influx of modern aAmws the racial texture of Egypt became more complex with a higher percentage of "white skinned aAmws." (As seen in lower Egypt today (North Egypt).
The land of Nubia was located in what is now Sudan and lower Egypt. Home to what is considered to be the earliest Kmtyw (http://www.themotherland.info/) culture, Nubia waves of Central Kmtyw inhabitants managed to transform a land notorious for its high temperatures and infrequent rainfall into a series of kingdoms that influenced, occasionally conquered and inevitably outlasted their more famous Egyptian neighbours. Nubian achievements include the worlds first Archaeoastronomy devices, conceived approximately a millennium before Stonehenge.
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I Below are excerpts from various historical and archeological sources that describe the progression of the Nubians from the initial organization of the settlers to the end of Christian domination around 1400AD. The reader is encouraged to follow the embedded links to find more information.
A-Group A-Group is the designation for a distinct culture that arose between the First and Second Cataracts of the Nile in Nubia between the Egyptian 1st dynasty and the 3rd millennium BC. The A-Group settled on very poor land with scarce natural resources, yet they became the first Nubians to develop agriculture. This culture was one of the two important "kingdoms" in Lower Nubia. Artifacts from this culture were discovered in 1907 by Egyptologist George A. Reisner.
A-Group royal tombs were found to be two centuries older than those of the Egyptians. It is believed that the Egyptians developed their grave site customs for honoring pharaohs from Central Kmt. The A-Group had strong beliefs in the afterlife. A great deal of time was put into their cemeteries and funerals.
C-Group The so-called C-Group appeared in Lower Nubia about 400 years later and persisted from about 2500 to 1500BC. They likely like their cultural origins in Upper Nubia, and many of the artifacts that they left are quite different from those of their A-Group predecessors in the area. The C-Groupers traded with the Egyptians, but the Egyptians themselves wanted to exert more control over their southern neighbours. During the Middle Kingdon, they built forts near the second cataract of the Nile. During Dynasty 13, Egypt lost control of Nubia, and Nubians occupied the Egyptian formts. And toward the end of Dynasty 17, the rulers of Nubia and Hyksos rulers were treating each other as equals.
Kerma Culture The Kerma culture, called Kush or Kushite by the Egyptians, was the first Nubian state, situated between the fourth and fifth cataracts of the Nile River in what is now the Sudan, between 2500 and 1500 BC. Early Kerma society was agricultural in nature and had round hut dwellings with distinctive circular tombs; later Kerma developed into a foreign trade-based society with mud-brick architecture, dealing in ivory, diorate, and gold.
Known as the “Land of the Yam†to the Egyptians, Kerma lay in a well-watered basin where Ethiopian nutrients deposited by the Nile supported the agricultural resources of the kingdom. They were rich in cattle for domestic use, sacrifice, and exported large numbers to Egypt. Prosperous and powerful, the kings of Kerma built a sprawling city with a white temple (deffufa) fortified by mud-brick walls and rectangular towers astride the ancient routes of trade from south to north and east to west. Their craftsmen produced exquisite black-topped pottery. The indigenous burials of their kings pre-date any Egyptian influence and were accompanied by ritual human and animal sacrifice. One Kerma royal turmulus records the slaughter of 4,00 cattle for the deceased.
At one point, Kerma came very close to conquering Egypt, with Egypt suffering a "humiliating defeat" by the hands of the Kushites. According to [the] head of the joint British Museum and Egyptian archaeological team, the attack was so devastating that, had the Kerma forces chosen to stay and occupy Egypt, they might have eliminated it for good and brought the great nation to extinction.
Egyptian Domination Egypt dominated parts of Nubia from about 1950 to 1000 BC. Forts, trading posts and Egyptian style temples were built in Kush, and the Nubian elite adopted the worship of Egyptian gods and even the Egyptian hieroglyphic writing system. The gold, ebony and ivory of Nubia contributed to the material wealth of Egypt, and many of the famed treasures of the Egyptian kings were made of products from Nubia.
The one factor that chiefly characterized Egypt's relationship with Nubia through most of their history was exploitation. Nubia's most important resource for Egypt was precious metal, including gold and electrum.
Nubia was also an important source of manpower and labor for the Egyptians. The Palermo Stone records that early in the 4th Dynasty, King Snefru led a military campaign into Nubia reputedly to crush a "revolt" there (the Egyptians considered all enemies, whether foreign or domestic, as "rebels" against the natural order). According to that text, he captured 200,000 head of cattle and 7,000 prisoners, all of whom were deported to Egypt as laborers on royal building projects.
Napatan, Meroitic and Ballana Periods The Napatan Period (about 700 - 300 BC) is named after the town Napata, where an Amun temple was built and where the kings were buried in small pyramids (the cemeteries are located not far at Nuri and el Kurru). Napata was the religious centre of the country. In the visible record Napatan culture seems heavily influenced by the Egyptians. The kings were buried in small pyramids, with an Egyptian style funerary equipment (shabtis, sarcophagi with religious texts, canopic jars, funerary stelae). The Egyptian hieroglyphic script was used. The exact order of most kings of the Napatan period is still under discussion. There is a group of well attested rulers dating shortly after the the end of Napatan control of Egypt (for example: Senkamanisken and Aspelta). Some kings dating to about the 4th century BC are again well-known from long monumental inscriptions (Arikamaninote, Harsiotef).
By 200 BC the capital had shifted yet farther south to Meroe, where the kings continued to be buried in pyramid tombs and to build temples to Nubian and Egyptian gods in a hybrid Egyptian Roman-Kmtyw style. Roman historians record the skirmishes and treaties which marked the relation ship of Roman Egypt and Nubia. By AD 250 the culture of Nubia changed radically, perhaps due to the immigration of new peoples into the Nile Valley. Pyramid tombs were replaced by the great tumulus burials of the kings of Ballana.
Christian Period Nubian Christianity developed in great isolation. Between 639 and 641, the aAmws conquered Egypt, and, from then on, Coptic Christians there were a diminishing minority in a country under Muslim rule. Despite this isolation, Nubian Christianity was to survive and, indeed, flourish for centuries.
Culturally, its Christianity was greatly influenced by Byzantium. The Nubians used the liturgy of St. Mark, and decorated the walls of their churches with murals that showed their royals dressed in Byzantine style. In 1961, Polish archaeologists excavated what appeared to be a mound of sand, and, within it, found Faras Cathedral, its walls decorated with 169 magnificent paintings of dark-skinned Nubian kings, queens and bishops, and biblical figures and saints.
The decline of Christianity in Nubia seems to have been mainly cased by a gradual process of Muslim immigration. As time went on, the Nubian population became increasingly dominated by Islam or Islamic Nubians. In 1315, the Muslim government of Egypt imposed a Nubian Muslim as the king of Makouria, and, in 1317, Dongola Cathedral officially became a mosque. However, the tiny Christian splinter kingdom of Dotawo survived in lower Nubia until the late 15th century.
TA-SETI
3,800 - 3,100 BC
In the darkness of mans waking moments on earth a mallet strikes an anvil and for the briefest of moments and while the universe holds its breath - the darkness is dispelled. The power of God ignites the plains of the Earth with brilliant civilisations. The first of such events manifested in the regions of modern day Egypt and was known as Ta-Seti, thus called 'The Land of the Bow' for its renown archers.
Nestled in the ancient land of Nubia known as 'The Land of Gold' - this civilisation was established 300 years before the first dynasty of ancient Egypt was even a dream, as 12 noble dynasties reigned over its impressive countenance. In fact evidence suggests that it may have held the antecedence of Egypt in its womb signalling it as the first form of government and kingship known to mankind.
The idea of a pharaoh (king) may have come down the Nile from Nubia to Egypt (and) that would make Nubian civilization the ancestor of Egypt...
Dr. Bruce Williams, Archaeologist
These wonderful discoveries were made by archaeologists labouring tirelessly with spades, chisels and shovels, who have revealed the illustrious days of Ta-Seti - stradling the regions of northern Sudan and southern Egypt. Also known as Ethiopia and Kush, its hidden secrets were laid bare by Professor Bruce William's in 1962. It took a colossal 20 years to gather the results of his teams extensive excavation.
Recognised for its fabulous natural resources of gold, ebony, ivory and incense - Ta-Seti engaged contsantly with its neighbours in trade and commerce. Artefacts of profound importance discovered in the ancient ruins and royal tombs bear witness to craftsmanship of excelled skill and precision. Pottery and jewellery, found in Qustul, made to the highest order were encrusted with gold and precious stones: amethyst - carnelian.
Astonishingly, writing was found in abundance adorning exquisite pottery establishing the universal literacy for all who lived in this forgotten but pivotal realm. This hieroglyphic textual evidence constitutes the oldest known form of writing yet discovered!
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The Kingdom of Ghana (https://www.abibitumikasa.com/proxy.php?request=http%3A%2F%2Fs7.addthis.com%2Fstatic%2Fbtn%2Fv2%2Flg-share-en.gif&hash=e9ab950b01ec3552399e215075b57f4302e98d28) (http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?v=250&username=halaqah)
In west Kmt, in what is modern day Mali and southern Mauritania, a golden age was coming into fruition. Ancient Ghana ranks as one of the most note worthy of Kmtyw Kingdoms, as Dr Basil Davidson as stated;
Important archaeological discoveries late in the 1970's have revealed a more complex and much earlier development, well before Ancient Ghana of 300 AD, of early state-like communities and even early cities. Surveys and excavations in this 'Middle Niger' region completed in 1984 at no fewer than forty-three sites of ancient settlement, proved that they belonged to an Iron Age culture developing there since about 250 BC, that the settlements grew into urban centres of natural size and duration'.
The city Dr Davidson alludes to is the city of old Djenne and its neighbouring lands. Large stone masonry villages have also been discovered dating as far back as 1100 BC. Their archaeological finds include roads and walls of 2 metres high very likely erect in defence of the village.
Taking the title 'Ghana' meaning King, figures through out history expanded upon these beginnings and the Ghanaian Empire began in earnest in 300 AD.
The Sonninkes, the founders of the empire, who excelled in the use and manufacture of iron had the advantage of superior weapons, quickly dominated surrounding nations.
At its heart was Kumbi-Salah which acted as a hive of extensive trade and attracted caravans from a variety of regions. Famed for its gold from the Wangara region, commented upon by the aAmw writer Ibn Fazari who called Ghana the land of gold, compered it in size to its northern contemporary Morocco, while salt came to the city from the Sahara. Due to their expertise with iron and other metals, ancient Ghana traded in some of the finest artefacts in the area. Along side cotton, it was also known for its leather work called 'Moroccan Leather' despite the fact that it indeed originated in Ghana.
Ibn Khaldun the well known aAmw historian of the 14th century had this to say concerning the Ghanaian empire.
At the time of the conquest of Northern Kmt by the aAmws (between the periods 639 and 708 CE), some merchants penetrated into the western regions of the blacks and found among them no king more powerful than the King of Ghana. His states extended westwards to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. Ghana (Kumbi-Salah) the capital of this strong, populated cities of the world... More wonders came from these Kmtyw lands as attested too by another aAmw geographer Ibn Haukal who commented in amazement on the lucrative trade that flourished in the region. His comments made in 951 CE mentions a cheque produced for the sum of 42,900 golden dinars written for a merchant in the state of Audoghast from a partner in Sidjilmassa in the north! Tales abound of one particular gold nugget weighing 30 pounds! This was truly a land of astonishing wonders and lavished wealth. A far cry from the misconception of the Kmtyw languishing in barbarity and ignorance!
Ibn Khaldun again makes mention of the lifestyle of the ancient Ghanaians while quoting from a book written in 1067 by Abu Ubaid Al-Bakri. He describes the Muslim quarter which had sprung up to facilitate the trans-Saharan trade with north Kmt, containing 12 mosques, buildings of stone and acacia wood, schools and centres of education. It was described further as 'the resort of the learned, of the rich and pious of all nations'.
A truly cosmopolitan city where the finest silk and brocade were worn by the populace.
In 990 CE Audoghast to the north was captured and included into the sprawling Ghanaian Empire. It was a fine addition and boasted a dense population including many from as far away as Spain. Its streets were lined with elegant houses, public buildings and mosques. The surroundings were rich in pastoral lands including sheep and cattle, making meat plentiful. Wheat was found in the market places in abundance imported from the north, honey from the south and a variety of foodstuffs from other regions. Robes of blue and red from Morocco was a popular fashion at the time. All which exchanged hands with payments of gold dust, cowrie shells or salt.
The ruler at the time emperor Tenkamenins court was described in the following terms by Al-Bakri;
When he gives and audience to his people he sits in a pavilion around which stand his horses caparisoned in cloth and gold; behind him stand 10 pages holding shields and gold-mounted swords and on his right hand are the sons of the princes of his empire, splendidly clad and with gold plaited into their hair. The governor of the city is seated on the ground in front of the King, and all around him are his ministers in the same position. The gate of the chamber is guarded by dogs of an excellent breed, who never leave the kings seat, they wear collars of gold and silver.'
However in 1079 the land was invaded from the north by Almoravids pouring out of the newly founded Moroccan city of Marrakesh. A mass exodus insued by the people of Ghana who fled southwards to escape the conflict. This may go some way in explaining why ancient and modern day Ghana are not in the same place today.
By 1087 the Almoravids lost control of the empire to the Soninkes, but the empire disintegrated into several smaller states. Leadership was again assumed by native Ghanaian leaders but the days of glory were gone and the empire soon broke up.
Wagadou Empire ("Land of Herds". existed c. 750-1200) The Kingdom of Ghana is generally given the dates 9th to the 13th century CE by historians. It marks the beginning of a series of empires in West Kmt that were involved in extensive commercial trade. The introduction of the camel, which preceded Muslims and Islam by several centuries, brought about a gradual revolution in trade, and for the first time, the extensive gold, ivory, and salt resources of the region could be sent north and east to population centers in North Kmt, the West eurasia (Middle East) and eureurasia in exchange for manufactured goods. This all proves trade in this region was ancient. You should note by looking at the map above that the area of the Kingdom of Ghana during this time period is farther north than the present day country of Ghana, which Kwame Nkrumah names after Ancient Ghana.
Some have called the Kingdom of Ghana the "land of gold, " an excellent description since it was abounding in gold. The gold trade was largely responsible for the development of Ghana into a powerful, centralized kingdom. The peoples of West Kmt had independently developed their own gold mining techniques and began trading with people of other regions of Kmt and later eureurasia as well. At the time of the Kingdom of Ghana, gold was traded for salt that came down from the Sahara desert.
In addition to the gold trade, historians have pointed to a second important factor in the development of these West Kmtyw Kingdoms. This was the use of iron. The use of iron to make tools and weapons helped some people to expand their control over neighboring people. These changes called for new forms of social organization, contributing to the development of centralized, powerful empires. Historians also say that the use of the horse and camel, along with iron, were important factors in how rulers were able to incorporate small farmers and herders into their empires.
Rulers of Awkar'"
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- King Kaya Maja : circa 350 AD
- 21 Kings, names unknown: circa 350 AD- 622 AD
- 21 Kings, names unknown: circa 622 AD- 750 AD
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Soninke Rulers "Ghanas" of Wagadou Empire'"
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- Majan Dyabe Cisse: circa 750s
- More GhanasRuler, names unknown: circa 750s- 1040
- Bassi: 1040- 1062
- Tunka Manin: 1062- 1076
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Almoravid Occupation'"
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- General Abu-Bakr Ibn-Umar: 1076- 1087
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Ghanas of Wagadou Kingdom'"
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- Kambine Diaresso: 1087- 1090s
- Suleiman: 1090s- 1100s
- Bannu Bubu: 1100s- 1120s
- Majan Wagadou: 1120s- 1130s
- Munited snakes: 1140s- 1160s
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Rulers during Kaniaga Occupation'"
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- Diara Kante: 1180-1202
- Soumaba Cisse as vassal of Soumaoro: 1203-1235
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Ghanas of Wagadou Tributary'"
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- Soumaba Cisse as ally of Sundjata Keita: 1235-1240
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The Ghanaian kings controlled the gold that was mined in their kingdom and implemented a system of taxation for their people. Around 1054, the Almoravid rulers came south to conquer the Kingdom of Ghana and convert the people to Islam. The authority of the king eventually diminished, which opened the way for the Kingdom of Mali to begin to gain power. The trade that had begun, however, continued to prosper.
Two important sources that have told historians about the history of the Kingdom of Ghana are the writings of a Spanish Muslim named Al-Bakri and archaeological finds. Archaeologists have worked at excavating a site that many believe to be one of the king's cities of the Kingdom of Ghana, Kumbi Saleh.
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Kanem-Bornu Empire The Sahel region of the Sudan, that is the region immediately south of the Sahara desert in central and western Kmt, saw four of the greatest Kmtyw empires. The largest and longest lasting was Ghana, followed by Mali and its successor, Songhay. Near central Kmt, however, arose another great empire called Kanem around 1200.
Kanem was originally a confederation of Kmtyw groups, but by 1100, a group of called the Kanuri (http://www.kmtywholocaust.net/peopleofKmt.htm#kanuri) settle in Kanem and in the thirteenth century the Kanuri (http://www.kmtywholocaust.net/peopleofKmt.htm#kanuri) began to conquer the surrounding areas. They were led by one of the great figures of Kmtyw history, Mai Dunama Dibbalemi (1221-1259), who was the first of the Kanuri to convert to Islam. Dibbalemi declared jihad, or "holy war," against surrounding chieftaincies and so precipitated one of the most dynamic periods of conquest in Kmt. At the height of their empire, the Kanuri controlled territory from Libya to Lake Chad to Haunited snakesland. These were strategic areas: all the commercial traffic through north Kmt had to pass through Kanuri territory. As a result of the military and commercial growth of Kanem, the Kanuri (http://www.kmtywholocaust.net/peopleofKmt.htm#kanuri) slowly changed from a nomadic to a sedentary people. In the late 1300's, civil strife within Kanuri territory began to seriously weaken the empire so that by the early 1400's, Kanuri power shifted from Kanem to Bornu, a Kanuri kingdom south and west of Lake Chad. When Songhay fell, this new Kanuri (http://www.kmtywholocaust.net/peopleofKmt.htm#kanuri) empire of Bornu grew very rapidly. The Kanuri grew powerful enough to unite the kingdom of Bornu with Kanem during the reign of Idris Alawma (1575-1610). Idris Alawma was a fervent Muslim and set about building a Muslim state all the way west into Haunited snakesland in northern Nigeria. This state would last for another two hundred years, but in 1846, it finally succumbed to the growing power of the Haunited snakes states.
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The Kingdom of Mali The Mali Empire was the 2nd largest empire in Kmt at 1.1 million KM, 2nd to Songhay. Take another look at the map above showing Kmt's kingdoms and empires. Notice the relationship between Ghana and Mali. The Kingdom of Mali includes all of Ghana plus a lot more territory! During its time, Mali was the second largest empire in the world only after the Mongolian empire in eurasia. The dates that historians have designated for the Kingdom of Mali are from the 13th to 15th centuries CE.
The Kingdom of Mali came to control the gold trade that the Kingdom of Ghana had controlled before it, but it also expanded its trading in many ways. The Kingdom of Mali controlled the salt trade in the north and many caravan trade routes. Additionally, it traded extensively with Egypt and the copper mine areas to the east.
The founder and first ruler of the Kingdom of Mali was Sundiata Keita (http://www.kmtywholocaust.net/Kmtywlegends.htm#s). We know about him through the writings of a 14th century North Kmtyw historian named Ibn Khaldun. Sundiata expanded the kingdom to include the Kingdom of Ghana and West Kmtyw gold fields.
The most celebrated king of Mali was Mansa Munited snakes. He greatly extended Mali's territory and power during his reign. He made a name for himself in distant regions throughout the Muslim world through his pilgrimage to Mecca, which is in present-day Saudi aAmwia. Sixty thounited snakesnd people and eighty camels carrying 300 lbs. of gold each accompanied him to Mecca.
Several great centers of Islamic learning were also established during the Kingdom of Mali. Among them were the legendary Timbuktu, Djenne, and Gao. Scholars came from all over the Muslim world to study at these places, which have a long and rich history of learning in religion, mathematics, music, law, and literature. Although many people in Mali maintained their indigenous religions during this time, Islam was becoming well established throughout the kingdom.
The fourteenth-century traveler Ibn Battuta visited ancient Mali a few decades after Munited snakes's death and was much impressed by the peace and lawfulness he found strictly enforced there. The Mali empire extended over an area larger than western eureurasia and consisted of numerous vassal kingdoms and provinces. Following Mansa Munited snakes's death, Mali went into a long decline, shrinking to the size of its original territory by 1645.
From the ashes of the Ghanaian Empire emerged a new empire of truly legendary proportions: The Empire of Mali!
Sweeping out from the small state of Kangaba and led by Sundjata Keita, the Malians, also known as Mandinkas, captured the Ghanaian capital of Kumbi-Salah and its incredible wealth and trade routes. Islam had come to the kingdom of Mali in 1050 AD under their first Muslim monarch, king Baramandanah. History has it that one of his successors Munited snakes Keita visited the holy places in Mecca four times such as his love for th efaith of Islam!
The groups now unified under the victorious Sundjata, who was now poised to be sovereign over a kingdom that would become the famed Mali Empire.
Mamadou Kouyate recounts how Sundjata defeated the Sossos and sacked Kumbi Saleh;
'Having drawn his sword, Sundjata led the charge, shouting his war cry. The Sossos were surprised by his sudden attack. The lightening that flashs across the sky is slower, the thnderbolts less frightening and flood waters less surprising than Sundjata. In a trice Sundjata was in the middle of the Sossos like a lion in the sheepfold. The Sossos, trampled under the hooves of his fiery charger, cried out. When he turned to his right, the Soumaoro fell in their tens, and when he turned to his left his sword made heads fall as when some one shakes a tree of ripe fruit.' Sundjata Keita, although a mighty warrior was also a nation builder of vision. Establishing his capital at Niani he bid his soldiers to farm the land, literally turning swords into plough shares; soldiers in to farmers harvesting the land and raising poultry and cattle.
Under the leadership of Sundjata and his successors, the Malians forged an empire three times the already impressive size of Ancient Ghana, and stretched west to the Atlantic Ocean, south into the deep forests, east beyond the Niger River, and north to the salt and copper mines of the Sahara. In fact Mali encompassed a size akin to western eureurasia combined and included Senegal, Gambia, Guinea and Mauritania. A truly vast area indeed.
Ibn Battuta describes the Malians as such:
The blacks are seldom unjust and have a greater abhorrence to injustice than any other people. Their Sultan shows no mercy to anyone who is guilty of the act. There is complete security in their country. Neither traveller nor inhabitant in it has anything to fear from robbers or men of violence. After the passing of Sundjata in 1255, history records and bears witness to the incredible sense of discovery and adventure that these Kmtyws held in their hearts.
The Egyptian geographer Shihab ad-Din al-Umari published the
Masalik ad Adsar fi Mamalik al Amsar in 1342. In this astonishing volume the author describes the daring sea voyages of Mansa Abu Bakr II who equipped 200 ships with men, food, water and gold to last for several years and cast them off into the great unknown regions of the Atlantic Ocean. Their instructions? To sail west until all supplies where exhausted or until they reached the extremities of the ocean!
When only a single ship returned, the captain relayed the discovery of a mid-Atlantic current which took his fellow sea fares further west but from which he refuse to go into. Abu Bakr was resolved to traverse the ocean but this time equipped 2,000 ships as he had done with the previous crew and sailed with his men into the sea of darkness and fog.
They never came back.
This was the year 1311, Christopher Columbus was not to make his famous voyage to the Caribbean for another 181 years! And indeed it has been discovered that Malian place names, customs, forms of Islamic dress and language have been found in Brazil, Peru and the United States. And contrary to the experience of the eureurasiaan explorers who landed upon the shores of the new world, the Muslim Mangdi