Mini Survival Crash Course-gctid52115

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Mini Survival Crash Course

 http://www.bagelhole.org/article.php/Survival/88/
 
Mini Survival Crash Course
 
MAIN LAW OF SURVIVAL:
THE MORE YOU TRY TO UNDERSTAND AN ENVIRONMENT and THE LESS YOU TRY TO FIGHT IT, THE KINDER IT WILL BE TO YOU.
PSYCHOLOGY?:
 
While it is true and vital that energy MUST be conserved it is equally important that the mind MUST BE KEPT BUSY.
ENDURANCE IS NOT ENOUGH:
 
This has been proven over & over again.
 
    * One needs training.
    * One MUST know what to do.
    * One MUST equip himself, mentally and physically.
 
If you want to survive you most likely will. If not; then you wont!  CONSERVATION OF ENERGY: CONSERVATION OF ENERGY IS ESSENTIAL TO SURVIVAL  UNDER ANY PRIMITIVE CONDITIONS.IF LOST RELAX: !!!
 
   1. CONSERVE STRENGTH, FLUID, heat, by moving: AS little as possible and SLOWLY!
   2. PREPARE EMERGENCY SIGNALS, make shelter, inventory upplies, ration all food.
   3. GUARD against Infections, intestinal disorders.
   4. DON'T TRAVEL in adverse weather, if injured or confused Eventually someone will find you.
   5. STAY WITH DOWN AIRCRAFT, easily spotted. Determine your location, scout immediate area.
   6. DECIDE IF BEST TO TRAVEL OR STAY. Don't separate parties; mark your path, leave messages behind, keep a log.
   7. KEEP knife, spare food, first/aid, signal equipment ON YOU at ALL TIME!
      DOWNHILL TRAVEL:
 
      Travel along water sheds may triple distance, lead to marshes, thickets etc. STRAIGHT LINE travel may be best.
      TEST for EXHAUSTION:
 
      Look up at sky, if it appears to be receding get some sleep.
      FOOD:
 
      ALL HEALTHY MAMMALS, BIRDS, INSECTS == EDIBLE! Yet beware of city & water and radiation contamination & pollution!
      SHELTER:
 
      AVOID Wind, high-water lines, poor drainage. Vent to AVOID carbon monoxide.
      NATURAL SHELTER =:Caves; overhangs; between rocks; snow banks;  under tree with tops tied together; sand burrow; hollow tree; hole in  snow around tree; LEAN-TO:Tarp or bark, snow blocks cut with knife or  stick from trench. Build sleep platform inside, drain, vents. Candle  heat about 32 Fahrenheit.
      WATER:
 
      To SURVIVE 10 days on no water at 50F. one NEEDS 3-4 pints /day  and most can come from food. Look uphill for pollutants.BOIL & THEN,  Test taste water, boil 10 minutes. To be safe or USE WATER TABLETS.  (Iodine pills). (Iodine tables don't work well in Tropics.)  ANIMALS:Trails usually intersect at angle toward water, follow downhill.  Birds fly to water early morning & evening. Nervousness indicates  water nearby.
      VINES:Tree roots, thin branches, high-water content; stand  sections on end to drain in a trough. AVOID MILKY SAP. WATER FROM  URINE:URINE salts like sea water = OK distilled, better to freeze it.-  First crystals to form are pure water. SNOW-ICE:50% less fuel needed to  melt ice. Melt snow in hand or packed in can over fire. Eating raw snow  causes dehydration. Ice is best. OCEAN ICE:1 year or more old looses  salt, is fresh (bluish). Find in high-places where summer has thawed.  Icebergs = salt free.
      OCEAN BEACHESig hole below hi-tide line or behind dunes, use first  waterseeping in-deeper water is salty. WATER AT SEA:Use solar still. OK  to add a little salt water to distilled or rain water for minerals.  Salt water kills 1 or 2 days faster than no water at all. Salt water  MUST be drunk as soon as possible up to 900 ML / daily then use fresh  water if any, from dew, fish juice etc. To balance it out. ALL EDIBLE  SALT & FRESH WATER FISH HAVE SAFE WATER IN MEAT, CHEW OR WRING IT  OUT IN A CLOTH. RAINWATER:Collect all. Dew-wring out of blankets etc.  laid open. Mop from grass, rock, cacti or other surfaces. SWAMP /  TROPICS:Standing water usually unfit, streams muddy. Dig hole 9 feet  from shore, let the waters filter in, strain, purify. (Halazone,  Chlorine pills are Unreliable.) ARID LANDS: & DESERT:AVOID water  holes where green vegetation doesn't thrive = (poison).Look for water  around vegetation. Especially Willows, Cottonwood. Low laces in outside  bend or dry creeks (dig holes wait 2 hours) base of cliffs, hills  mountains, canyon heads. Mineral stained rock; rainwater "potholes" in  rocky places; low places between dunes. Muddy water = OK let silt  settle. CACTI: ALL CACTI IN WORLD ARE SAFE.Mash core, extract liquid,  taste varies. Small Barrel Fishhook) Cactus & Yucca best. PURIFY ALL  ARID LAND WATER:Because of pollution purify ALL water near any town,  villages etc.(Boil 10 minutes). Alkali, mineral flavours nearly always  present. OK in small quantities, bleach through bag of sand; add  charcoal or boil.SOLAR STILL: pix to get in open, damp place use a 6'x6'  clear plastic sheet over hole, sealed edges, rock centre weight, bucket  collects water evaporated from ground, add vegetation pieces, urine.  Collect 1 quart in 2 hours.
 
      PURIFICATION:Boil 10 minutes. Strain. Boil with charcoal removes  bad taste. Tincture iodine 5 drops to 1 qart. Shake it. For Iodine tabs  follow directions. Bleach 2 drops to 1 qt stir, stand 30 min. Chlorine  Tbs. to 8 qts stand 30 min. Increase formula if water is dirty.
 
      DAYS EXPECTED SURVIVAL IN DESERT; NO WALKING:
 
      Shade/max. qts:01 2120F 2/1 2/290F 7/5 8/5.5 60F 10/8 11/8.5
      WALKING NIGHT ONLYDays Nights) 4 10 122/2 2.5/2.5 3/39/5.5 10/6.5 15/812/9 14/11 21/14
 
      ORIENTING: BY WATCH: Hold watch level, point hour hand at sun.  South is mid way between hour hand and #12 in the smallest angle.
      South of Equator: read with face down, mid line points North. By  SHADOW: Put long stick in ground, mark tip of shadow; 1 hour later mark  tip again, line from first to second mark point East, N/S line is at  right angle. BY STARS:Stars rise in East, fall West. Plot movement of an  overhead star by sighting across 2 fixed sticks (ex; if star on your  right is rising (East) you are facing North). North star and Southern  Cross remain relatively stationary above each pole. TRUE  NORTH:Geographic North pole is "up" on most map. MAGNETIC NORTH =  :Magnetic pole = that compass points to world-wide(approximately 1000  miles south of North Pole north of Hudson's Bay). Magnetic  Declination:The difference between True & Magnetic North, in degrees  East or West of True North. SOME MAGNETIC DECLINATION READINGS:  (Approx) = DegreesUS-Canada /10= East, Adak, AK /21* E = Anchorage /  30*E = Fort Whitehorse, NWT/ 10*E =The Pas, MB/22* E= Banf, North  Cascades.20*E = Glacier, MT, Bend, OR 13* E = Yosemite, Yellowstone 15*E  = Los Angeles, Grand Canyon.14*E = Cortez,CO / 13*E = Tucson AZ, Black  Hills, SD /10*E = Big Bend, Texas, Liberal, Kansas. 5* E = Ozarks / 3*E  =Ely, Minesota 0* = Churchill, MB, Indianapolis.Everglades / 1*W =  Smokies/ 6*W/ Shenandoah united snakes/ 10*W=Hearst, Ont./ 14*W= Adirondacks 21*W=  Upper Maine / 30*W= ST.John Newf. Schefferville, Labrador/ Mexico /  6*E= Yucatan 8*E= Mexico City / 9*E= E.Montery / 10* E = Mazatlan / 11*E  = Canyon del Cobre.WORLD /10*W = ukkk, Gibraltar/ 3*W =  Mt.Kilimanjaro / 5* W = Zurich, Chad /2* E = Istanboul.2*E= Kabul, Afg./  1*W= Mt.Everest 1*W = Honk-Kong/ 7*W = Tokyo / 1*E = Djkarta / 0* =  Guam/ 11* E= Hawaii / 10*E=Sydney,Aust.15*E = Eastern IS.,Cape Horn /  13*W= Brazilia / 7*W = Manaus, Brazil/ 0*= LaPaz, Bol. / 10* W =  Trinidad / 4*E= Panama.
      FIRE SOURCE:
 
      Build away from grass, trees, overhead snow. Clear duff to mineral soil.
      FLINT/STEEL =: quartz, jasper, agate, any glassy stone.
      FIRE FROM AMMUNITION:Remove projectile, pour 1/2 powder onto  tinder, reload shell with rag wad, fire in air, put blazing rag on  tinder.
      GAS/OIL:With sand in can or in hole.
      BATTERY: Spark from wire to each terminal.
      BURNING GLASS:Any convex lens; binocular, glasses, bottle bottom,  bottlefilled with water, maybe carved ice piece: in bright sun, beam  onto tinder.
      ANIMAL:Bones burn, fat makes good lamp, warming fire.
      TINDER:Shaved twigs, dry leaves & needles, heart of wet wood, plastic, dung, dry roots, pitch knots in old logs.
      OVERNIGHT FIRE KEPT:Cover coals with ashes, dry earth, will smoulder till morning.
      TORCH:Wrap bark cylinder or burn Pine knots. 24 hours Torch = fray  end of 1" diameter. Stick pitch coat, dry, repeat 1-2 times.
 
      KEEPING WARM AND DRY:Build small fire, sit closer, keep warmer.  Sit between fire & reflecting surface. Sleep with feet toward fire.  Fire is not essential in sub-zero temperature if one is properly  insulated.
      CLOTHES / BOOTS:Keep loose for better insulation, ventilation,  circulation.Perspiration = damp clothes frost; puff out air at collar  & cuffs. Beat frost out of clothes with a stick. Mittens are  warmest. Melted fat helps waterproof boots. Bark pieces = good inner  soles.Persistently damp shoes, socks can cause "trench foot" = gangrene,  infections. Insulate clothes with grass, moss, hay, leaves, feathers,  etc.
 
      FALL THROUGH ICE: = Can kill in seconds; quickly roll in snow to  blot up moisture & for warmth, remove clothes, let freeze beat ice  out, then build drying fire.
 
      SLEEPING WARNING & TIPS:Sleeping in clothes holds moisture,  chills body. You will not freeze to death in your sleep; cold awakens  you.
 
      SNOW TRAVEL:Burns 5-10 times more energy than staying put.
      FAST FOOD:
 
      (Macdonals?)ALL HEALTHY MAMMALS, BIRDS, INSECTS ARE EDIBLE; Yet  beware of pollution. BEST SURVIVAL WEAPON IS FAT:UNBLED, LEAN MEAT,  PROVIDES ALL BASIC ESSENTIALS.
      FORAGING = CAUTION: Can burn more energy than gained, upsetdigestion.
      INNER BARK FOOD: (pix to get asap**)Of Birch, Aspen, Poplar, most  Pines, Slippery Elm, Cottonwood, Willow, Red Maple, = good Raw, cooked,  tea. Store dried strips.
         1. SAP: Very nourishing, Cherry, Maple, Aspen, Birch, Hickory you can live on this alone for many weeks.
            Drink Raw: Tap from hole into inner bark, 2 gal. in 24  hours. Ingest via straw into mouth while sleeping. Plug tap after use.
         2. PINE: (Find all seeds and roots that are rich in fat and  protein and have them first in the list of survival plants..) 2 do later
         3. ALL SEEDS IN "CONES" = RICH IN FAT, PROTEIN: Acorn, Nuts,  Pecans all good Raw, roasted, meal. If bitter leach(grind, soak) out  tannic acid. Evergreen needles raw, tea, hi-vitamin C.
         4. AVOID: Buckeye
         5. EGGS: BIRD OR TURTLE (WHITES WON'T HARD BOIL) ALL GOOD TO EAT.
         6. JACKING: Use light to hypnotise frogs, game on trail, water-hole, den.
         7. BURROWS:Fan smoke or pour water in, wait with club or snares.
         8. SLOW ANIMALS EASY TO CLUB: Opossum, Porcupine, Armadillo,  Marmot? Groundhog, roosting birds, moulting Ducks, Lizards, others.
         9. FEEDING ON ANIMALS: Drive away, steal their meat.
        10. FUNGI: AVOID ALL MUSHROOMS, PUFFBALLS, ETC.
        11. AVOID: Snails (parasite), Toads (toxic skin), Worms (grit, = NO food value).
        12. INSECTS GOOD TO EAT: Moth, Mayflies, Cicadas, Crickets Dragonflies, Termites = Very Good.
        13. GRUBS GOOD TO EAT: Wood-Beetle, Larvae in logs. Grasshoppers: Remove legs, wings = GOOD! LIZARD, FROGS, SALAMANDERS,
            SNAKES = GOOD to EAT: Remove head, viscera, skin; roast, fry.
        14. FISH: Club or drive to shallows, arricade. Crayfish: Boil tails.
        15. TURTLE: Decapitate, bleed well, boil to puff off skin; split  under shell in + pattern, declaw, disembowel. Wash all meat in &  outside, boil 25 min. more. When flesh pulls of easy cut up and add
        16. LEATHER: Untanned: Good, protein-chew, swallow. MARINE LIFE:  ALL SEAWEED (NOT THREADLIKE) BELOW WATER ARE EDIBLE! Cooked; eat  slowly.AVOID if wilted, slimy or odorous. ALSO EDIBLE: Sea Cucumbers,  Urchins, Abalone, Scallops, Octopus, Aquid, Limpets, Chiton,  Periwinkles, Mussels, Shrimp, Oysters, Eels, (no scale) Crabs,  non-Arctic Shark, white meat of salt water Clams.
        17. FISHES NOT TO EAT: Black Mussels, sea Snakes (scales) Rays,  Jellyfish, Portuguese Man of war, fishes without scales, with irregular  scales, tiny mouth, sunken eyes, slimy gills, flabby flesh, bad odour,  box shape, bright colours, or that puff up with air.
        18. SAFEST FISH: Lie in deep water beyond reefs. PLANKTON-green  slime under boats, logs, rocks, EDIBLE Raw, dried. Party lived on this  alone for 115 days.
        19. DON'T EAT: Plants stranded or growing on beaches.
      ARCTIC FOOD:
         1. Nearly ALL VEGETABLE = EDIBLE but!
         2. DON'T EAT: Fungi, Baneberry, Lupine, Buttercup, Death Camus,  False Hellebore, Larkspur, Monkshood, Vetch, (Locoweed) Waterhemlock.  If eaten induce ing.
         3. ROCK TRIPE LICHEN = GOOD: Raw, soup, tea.
         4. Leathery dark lettuce leaf up to 3" wide, around rock. Grows into south US. Reindeer Moss Lichen also in US.
         5. Low green grey plants, eat Raw, boiled.
         6. ALL LICHEN IN FAR NORTH ARE EDIBLE, STEAM OR BOIL FOR SAFETY.
         7. SWEET VETCH or Licorice Root, commonest root; in clumps on sandy soil shores. Cooked better taste than carrot.
         8. ALL BERRIES IN ARCTIC ARE EDIBLE, EXCEPT BANEBERRY.
         9. SHARK: Shark meat poison in Arctic only.
      DESERT:
         1. Apache warriors lived just on Salamanders, Mesquite Beans, Cactus water.
         2. ALL CACTI FRUITS & FLESHY PARTS = GOOD; RAW, FRIED ETC. REMOVE SPINES, SKINS.
         3. SEEDS that ARE EDIBLE: Pynion Pine, desert Service berry, Gamble Oak, Ironwood, Jojoba, desert Gourd seeds, flowers.
         4. Mesquite = large shrub, small tree.
         5. Straight spines & bean pods, fern like leaves, yellow flowers. Seeds, pods = Raw, or cooked.
         6. Manzanita = large shrub, crooked branches.
         7. Brownish-pink berries = Raw cooked, ground; acorn like.
         8. Tumbleweed or Russian Thistle, young plant boiled.
         9. Joshua Tree = flower buds roasted.
        10. Yuccas = flowers Raw or toasted.
        11. Agaves (Mescal) = stalk heart like Asparagus, roasted.
        12. Fan Palm ripe berries roasted, hangs in huge clumps off ends  of branches. PLANT EDIBILITY TEST = Limit diet to plants positively  identifiable or seen eaten by rabbit, rodents, beavers, squirrels,  raccoons, monkeys and bears. Birds are not reliable. Place very small  amount inside lower lip, taste for soapy, bitter, acid, burning taste  for 5 minutes. Increase dose every 6-10 hours. If no ill effect in 24  hours it is probably safe, but continue caution.
        13. AVOID:Those with MILKY SAP, (toxic) black spurs on grain (diseased) or that look sickly. Cook if in doubt.
 
      SOME EDIBLE PLANTS AMONG THE MORE NUTRITIOUS & COMMON IN  TEMPERATE ZONES:MOST PLANTS HAVE EDIBLE PARTS. Taste test succulent  parts of appealing plants.
      CAUTION: Water plants absorb Pollutants. Starchy parts more nutritious when boiled.
         1. ABBREVIATIONS:
                * WH= Water habitat, / * = very nutritious / y = young.
                * THIS IS A BIT CONFUSING GET A BETTER SHEET SPREAD OF IT!
                      o PL= entire plant /
                      o SE= seeds /
                      o G= grains /
                      o B= buds /
                      o FL= flowers /
                      o FR= fruits /
                      o L= leaves /
                      o SH= shoots /
                      o STE= stems /
                      o STA= stalks /
                      o R= roots /
                      o T= tubers /
                      o r= raw /
                      o c= cooked /
                      o b= boiled /
                      o p= pealed /
                      o d= dried /
                      o g= ground (dried, meal); /
                      o t= tea.
                * GRASSES:Blades with common base or stalk; be careful,  high cellulose content leaves are stomach abrasive. NO KNOWN GRASS IS  POISONOUS:Eg; Wheat, Barley, Rice, Reeds, Rushes, Red Top, Millet, Oats,  Sedges, Foxtail, Crabgrass, Nutgrass, Johnson grass, Buffalo grass,  Canary grass, others: PIX NEEDEDAll SE grass; PLrc; Legumes: Wild Beans,  Peas = GOOD. Taste test to be sure.
                * BERRIES: PIX NEEDEDFruit & tea leaves = Blackberry  / Raspberry / Salmonberry/ Dewberry / Cloudberry / Strawberry /  Thimbleberry.
                * Wintergreen: Fruit = Mulberry / Gooseberry /  Elderberry / Bunchberry / Whortleberry / Huckleberry/ Hackberry /  Currants, others.
                * TREES:
                      o Red Cedar (Juniper) = FRrc, Lt /
                      o Spruce = *SHr, Lrt /
                      o Red Sumac = red FRrt /
                      o Hawthorn = FRrc, Lt /
                      o Saddafras = SHr, Lt /
                      o Slippery Elm = Lr /
                      o Birch = Lrt, SHrb /
                      o Beech = yLr /
                      o Red Maple = Br /
                      o Sugar Maple = *yLr, ySEr./
                      o ALFAFA = *Lt/ SHr (1-2')
                      o Amaranth or Pigweed = SEd/ yLc/ FL (3-4')
                      o Arrowhead = WH/ TBc/ FL (1-3')
                      o Asparagus = SHr (1-2')
                      o Artichoke= *Tb
                      o Bitterroot = *FL/ Rpbd
                      o Dandelion = **Rd/ PLr/ PLb (2-8")
                      o Burdock = Rpb/ SHc/ Lrc (1-5')
                      o Catnip = Lrdt (1-3')
                      o Chickenweed= PLb (6"-12")
                      o Columbine= Rrt/ yLb (6"-5')
                      o Bracken Fern= WH/ SHb (1-4')
                      o Elderberry = FRr /
                      o Chicory = YPLr/ Rb/ PLb (2-3')
                      o Clovers = Rr/ FLr
                      o Chufa or Nutgrass = Trbg / (1-3')
                      o Daisy = yLr / petals raw(1-2')
                      o Day Lilly = Lr/ Tc (2-6') /
                      o Horsetail = WH/ */ SHpr
                      o Filarees (spring) = yLrc/ ySTErc
                      o Cattai l= Rbd/ Trb/ SHrc /STAprc (3-8')
                      o Fireweed = ySTEb/ STArp/ yLrt/ FL (1-4')
                      o Goldenrod = Bdt/ yLr/ Ldt (4') H
                      o oneysuckle = FLr/ Lt
                      o Mullein = Lc/ FL (3-6') /
                      o Lambs Quarters = reeds, Lrc/ Flr/ SErg (2-6')
                      o Plantains = */ Lrt (3-12")
                      o Mallows = FRr/ Lrb (1-4')
                      o Milkweed = SHb/ Rb/ Bb/ Lb/ SE (2-5')
                      o Minner Lettuce = Lr/ STEb/ (6-12")
                      o Sunflower = * / Tb/ SEr Nettles = * / yLr/ ySHb (2-6')
                      o Mustard = PLc/ yLr/ yFLrc (1-5')
                      o Pickerelweed = ySTEr/ yLrc/ WH SErg (1-2')
                      o Eve.Primrose = */ SHprRpc/ Lrc/ FL (1-2')
                      o Purslane = */ PLrb /
                      o Rhubarb (red best) = */ STArc (1-2')
                      o Sheep Sorrel = */ SHrc/ Lrc/ FL(18")
                      o Shepherds Purse = **/ SEc/ yLrt/ yFLr (3-19")
                      o Solomon Seal = Rrc / Thistle = SHb/ STApb/ FL (4')
                      o Wild Rose = * / FRrt/ Lp Wild Onion=PLrb / (1-2')
                      o Water Lillies = * / WH/ Rc/ Bb/ SEb/ yLb/ ySTAb
                      o Whitetop = Lc/ FL (2-5')
                      o Wild Pea = PLrc
                      o Wintercress = * / Lrc (1')
                      o Wild Carrot or Queen Anns Lace = */ Rrc/ Lrc/ SErc/ FL (3-4')
                      o Tiger Lilly = Tb / FLcd /
                      o Violet = */ Lrt/ FLrt (6")
                      o Yarrow(milfoil) = PLct/ FL (1-2') /
                      o Yellow Dock = Lrc / FL/ (3-4')
                      o Watercress = WH/ **/ STEr/ Lr/ Rt (1') /
                      o Wild Grape = */ Lrc/ FRr/ SHb
                      o Wood Sorrel (shamrock) = * / PLrb/ FL (8")
      HUNTING:
 
      Look for dens, runways, feeding & watering places.Best in  early morning & evening hours. Stalk silently, slowly, against or  across wind, or lay in waiting.
 
      AIM! WHERE?:
          * Deer, Elk, Moose = back of head, lower neck, behind front  shoulder (if you hit, don't run wait 10 min, till it bleeds dead)
          * Seal = behind eye;
          * Musk-Ox = neck or shoulder;
          * Bear = Behind ear, upper neck, behind front shoulder;
          * Small game = head.
 
      SNARES: Place snares, traps among natural obstacles; minimize  human scent by smoking your snares. Many small nooses-tie to limbs near  nests, roots. Drawstring bag-squirrel bait inside; pull cord.
      Pole with nose on end for nesting birds, fish. BOLA: Stones on end  of strings, spun overhead and thrown at flocks of birds, small animals.
 
      FISHING HOOKS:Pins, nails, bones etc. Flies, Shoestring, hair, Milkweed, feathers.
 
      BAIT: = Worms, grubs, shellfish, insect, meat.
      NIGHT-LINE: = String of baited hooks across stream.
      DRUGS : Crushed leaves & stalk of Mullein, Road of Soap plant,  Green Buckeye seeds, thrown into water will daze fish, who will float  to surface; you can eat at once. Also: Burn coral or sea shells to make  lime.
      TRAPS: Build funnel trap or construct stake corral in shallow water facing into current or toward high tide line.
 
      DRESSING GAMES: ALWAYS cook food well for safety. Protect meat  from egg-laying flies (maggots). SAVE ALL FAT: To cook with meat. STEW  GIVE THE MOST FOOD VALUE!
 
      BIRDS: Bleed, pluck at once, singe & remove pin feather. Boil carrion-eating birds 25 minutes to kill parasites.
 
      SMALL GAME: Cut skin around mid body, peel off to head and tail,  remove feet, head. Open belly from anus to chin. Cut through pelvic,  break open. Cut open rib cage; remove anus, genitals, guts in one piece.  Wash well.
 
      BIG GAME: (Dinosaur?)Cut jugular, bleed (hunting people do not  bleed meat); much Vitamin C, prevents Scurvy. Remove leg scent glands on  Deer. Skin-midline cut from anus to jaw, from midline out to hocks  (rear) and ankles (front), cut around each leg & head behind ears.  Remove organs soon, don't rupture intestine, gall and urine bladders  (spoil meat).
 
      Hang carcass for cooling before butchering. Halve between 2 & 3 ribs from rear. Remove from place of killing.
         1. ALL PARTS large, small animal = EDIBLE.
         2. (AVOID Polar Bear and Seal liver = poison, too high vitamin A.)
         3. RABBIT ONLY DIET = DANGER
         4. No fat will induce diarrhoea, starvation.
         5. Don't handle uncooked animal in bare hand, danger of tularaemia (rabbit fever).
         6. Discard all rodent skins.
         7. BONE-MARROW-BLOOD =:Nourishing in healthy animals.
         8. Calcium-chew bones ends.
 
      WOOD KNIFE: = Elm, Hickory bark, shape. Soak overnight, fast dry  over fire. Sharpen on rock. Repeat many times. Gets hard as soft steel.  Good for skinning & light chore.
 
      EQUIPMENT SKINS:Scrape of all fat, flesh. Smoke dry over tripod  over low fire. Good bedding, etc. fur side out. Save bird pelts.
      RAWHIDEPresoak if skin is dry) stake out, scrape skin side perfectly clean.
 
      Wash (water or urine) clean, leave staked in sun to dry 1-2 days.  Turn over, re-stage, scrape off fur (easier if soaked overnight in  wood-ash solution) On soft backing pound dry hide with blunt hammer to  break grain, till white & soft.
 
      TANNING:Same soaking & scraping as rawhide (Deer, Elk don't  requirepounding). When dry rub with warmed brains, finely mashed until  saturated. Roll up overnight. Next day re-stage & scrape off all  brain tissue. Work back and forth through a rope loop; friction dries  & completes tanning. If used for clothing smoke over smudge fire  until light brown (will dry soft if it gets wet).
 
      DRYING MEAT: Any lean meat; remove all visible fat-will or go  rancid quickly. Dry in the sun or 4 feet over hot coals (Use green  hardwood never resinous.) DO NOT COOK. Keep from moisture at all times.  Brush with salt before drying aids preservation; pepper keeps flies  away. Properly dried keeps months. Hang high from animals covered from  egg-laying flies. Wash mouldy spots (harmless) before cooking to eat.
 
      JERKY: Preferably beef or deer flank. Cut 1 1/2x1/4" strips, any  length. Dry same process until shoe-leather brittle (12 hours to 2 days)  Will keep year or more in cool dry place.
      PEMMICAN: Powdered jerky, mixed 50/50 with paste of dried berry  (any) or fruit pulp & melted suet rolled into balls. Store in  watertight material or dip in more suet for extra coating. Will keep  years; highly nutritious classic survival food.
      FISH-DRYING: Split down back or fillet; sun dry on rocks. Grind  bones, meat, add to stew, patties, etc. Don't eat raw. (Parasites!)
      SMALL GAME, BIRDS: Dry whole, on rocks in sun; prop ribs open with  stick. When dry; crush bones, dry extra day dries marrow.
 
      ROASTING TUBERS, FISH ETC.:Pack in mud, clay; put in coals. Scales peel off with mud.
 
      SOUP HOLE / BATH WATER: Dig hole, line with waterproof material.  Put in layer of rocks, then red-hot rocks. (Warning! Water inside rock  will explode if heated).
 
      STEAM PIT: Dig hole, put in red hot rocks, 2" layer of grass  (green) then food, more grass; fill up with damp soil/sand. Poke hole to  bottom of pit to add steaming water. Many hours to cook.
 
      RAFTS: 3 long logs, STANDING dead wood (test float BEFORE)!  (Bundled plants, limbs OK!) Notch to fit or lash. Square raft will spin.  Listen ahead for rapids.
 
      ROUND BOAT:Stretch waterproof material over domed frame of Willow sticks.
 
      RAFT AUTO PILOT: Rock or pail trailing on short rope from front centre, keeps raft in main channel.
 
      PUMP DRILL: For stone, wood, bone, hard stone bit, jasper, agate.  Use fine quartz sand for abrasive. Or make simple drill by spinning  stick between hands.
 
      SNOWSHOES: Lift line tied to front centre of each shoes aids walking or straps on Evergreen boughs.
      SNOW GOGGLES: Bark, clothe, etc., wrap around. Smear soot around eyes.
 
      COOLING FOOD:Evaporator; works best in sun, wind. Pot holds water  cloth stays wet, open weave shelves circulate air or dig hole line with  rock, cover slab rock and sand.
 
      FISH-NET: Gill net, hammock, unravel socks, sweater, tie 2" loop; join many nets.
 
      PRESSURE FLAKING: Strike blade piece off large stone, hold padded  blade, use blunt object to flake chips off with the needed piece &  with twisting pressure into edge of blade.
 
      AXE heat slender willow and tie with shoots etc.
 
      POTTERY: Find particularly river bank clay; coil or slab wall,  eventhickness. Hardwood fire in 2 feet deep pit, built on & around  pottery. Remove when orange-red (4-6 hours); slow cool.
 
      CORDAGE: * ROPENettle; dry stalk fibbers; pound stalk, clean  fibbers by hand. Good yarn, string, snares, nets, rope, bowstrings,  woven fabrics. Milkweed; silky fibbers in dry stalk. Dogbane (best in  West) silky stalk fibbers. Hawthorn, Willow, Elm, Spruce root, Rose;  inner white bark good cordage, strongest when wet.
 
      SINEW: Long leg or back tendons. Scrape, sun dry till hard; pound it till soft but fluffy will split apart.
 
      KNOTS: MOST USEFUL ONES: Chair knot, Prussic knot, Eye knot or  Fisherman knot, Log Hitch, Square knot, 2 Half Hitches, Bowline,  Sheep-Shank, Bow-Line knot = (non-slip).PACKING: Suspend weight from hip  belt or forehead; heavy items on top, near body or pull along tied onto  forked limb.
 
      AIR RESCUE PICK/UP: One string with one end done with a Bow-line  while the other rope has a Bow-line knot around your waist & also  around the rope hooked to your foot, so they don't spread apart.
      F/AID:
 
      GENERAL DESERT:
      Day-night temperatures extremes. Usually adequate Vegetation.  Great visual range flash signal mirror even if no target; large fire at  night. Keep fully covered from ultra-violet rays, dehydration. Slow easy  does it.
      TRAVEL by NIGHT, SHADE BY DAY. Brief storm flash-flood dry creeks, canyons. Anticipate dead-end canyons, drop off.
      WATER: Base of hills /mountains/ solar still/cacti / dig hole.
      To prevent sun stroke take 1-10 salt tabs daily with water.
 
      FOOD: Mesquite, Beans, Palm, Cacti, Nuts, Seeds, Herbs,  Salamanders, Insects, Small game, Deer, Antelope. Snakes, Spiders,  Scorpions in shaded places, crevices. ALL are active at night but avoid  man. Check shoes, clothes, bedding.
 
      GENERAL TUNDRA:
      Arctic plain, beyond forest line. Moss & Lichen. June &  Aug driest months. Short 50F summer. Marshy-water can't penetrate  permafrost streams flood rapidly. Brownish surface water drinkable.  Abundant lakes, ponds, meandering streams, rivers. THIN ICE everywhere.  Game, vegetation, shelter, fuel at dangerous minimum.Severe blizzards,  wind chill factor.
      SWARMS of black flies, mosquitoes, deer-flies, midges in summer but carry no diseases.
 
      QUICKSAND AT STREAM JUNCTURES: Foot Travel = Risky, exhausting,  useless! Travel by raft no matter, how long it takes to build. Mirages  no prominent landmarks. Most towns are on river.
 
      GENERAL TROPICS:
      (WORLDWIDE):RAIN FOREST: Dense aerial canopy, signalling = useless, little sunlight sound deadened, radio waves blocked.
      TRAVEL: During day only. Follow streams, adjacent ridge-line trails.
      TINDER: Inside large termite nests, dead wings in trees.
 
      TROPICS DANGERS: = Piranha freshwater fish (20") in calm waters,  devour everything. Build shelter above ground. MUCH POISON OAK, IVY,  DON'T TOUCH ANYTHING UNLESS YOU HAVE TO.Large cats, poisonous snakes  uncommon.
      WATER BOIL ALL!:Streams, springs, pools. Common liana vines full  of water, cut section, drink as is. Grapevine, Bamboo similar water.  AVOID IF MILKY. Water in tree crotches; "cups" in large aerial leaves,  strain. Unripe Coconut milk = good. Hollowed out banana stumps fill with  good water.
 
      FOOD & TROPICS: Vary with season, locale. Best along streams,  shores, swamps, clearings, thickets. Sparse food in dense rain forest,  cloud forest.ALL birds, animals, lizards, crocodiles, snakes,  alligators, freshwater clams, shrimp, turtle, fish ARE EDIBLE AVOID  FROGS & COOK ALL FLESH! (Parasites)
      SEARCH CLEARING FOR: Pigs, deer, coati squirrel, monkey, Iguana  lizard (1-5 feet) good as chicken in Central South America. Bait for  land Crabs with open Coconut.
      PLANT FOOD WARNING: Be cautious of plants with RED in any part.  Abandoned native gardens in clearings = good, berries resembling  strawberry, raspberry, blackberry are good as are wild figs of any  colour. AVOID MILKY SAPS, except in Figs, Mangoes, Papaya, Breadfruit.  Spit out seeds of ALL fruits may be poisonous.
      DON'T EAT: Corral Bean, Physic Nut, Dumb Cane, Manchineel. PALM ETC. All Palm Succulent parts
      EDIBLE. Peanuts below ground good Raw, cooked. Bananas: Raw,  cooked, also shoots & buds.Plantains like raw bananas, roasted or  boiled. Sugar Cane-chew inner stalk. ALL WILD SWEET POTATOES, YAMS, WILD  TOMATOES = GOOD. Cooked leaves or Purslane, Pokeweed. Cassava (sweet  type) root raw, boiled. ANY VINE:Like Morning Glory* HAS EDIBLE ROOTS,  shoots, leaves if cooked. ALL FERNS: Young curled shoots = GOOD. BAMBOO =  GOOD TO EAT: Common, young shoots best, like Asparagus. BREADFRUIT  TREE: (30-40 feet.) large leathery leaves; cook fruit 6" thick, rough  yellow-green hung at end of branches. Remove seeds mash pulp. Staple for  natives. Arrowroot 2-3 feet tall, large coarse herb; 1-3 feet leaves;  green & purple flowers, white in tropical America. 2 lb. tuber good  cooked.
 
      SAVANNAS TROPICAL GRASSLANDS
      Nearly impenetrable thickets. Large cats, snake uncommon. Insects  bad, wasp, spiders, centipedes, scorpion most are poisonous but rarely  fatal, except black widows. FOOD: Little variety in plant life. Streams  much fish. Turtle bird eggs, fledglings = fast food.ALL GRASSES, SEEDS,  NUTS, FRUITS = EDIBLE. Roots tubers tend to be poisonous when raw.  Squeeze out juice, cook pulp.
      HOW TO BREATH PROPERLY:
 
      The following is a repeat found in other files however I feel it  is important enough to repeat it here in this mini survival.It sounds  strange but we have to learn to breath properly. Meaning that one MUST  Exhale Completely; if one wants to use its Maximum Strength. A breathing  control is aimed towards our ways to Exhale and Not about inhaling.One  rebuilds his strength much better by Exhaling properly than by trying to  force his air intake.
      IF YOU DO ANY HARD WORK, OR WALK FAST OR YOU ARE DIGGING YOUR  OUTPUT INCREASES BY 50%; IF YOU APPLY YOURSELF BY SLOWLY!!! EXHALING BY  PUSHING ALL THE AIR OUT OF YOUR LUNGS. Opera singers, swimmers and  runners know this t"Rick". For example if you get into a cold shower,  you have the tendency to breath faster and to tense your muscles which  only aggravates your torture. If on the other hand you try to exhale  slowly and regularly you will be much surprised to notice the Little  effect that this cold water has upon you. 6 DEEP EXHALATIONS! This is  because a Slow Exhalation helps your body to adapt itself to this  change.
 
      STRESS CONTROL & BREATHING: An attentive control on your  respiration & especially of your timing contributes to your stress  control in any moments of Tension, Stress or constraint. Most of us  breath only 1/2 way. We breath incorrectly since we don't have much  choice but where we make the mistake is; when we do not exhale properly.  Meaning; that we do not do it - Deeply Enough -. Thus we often sigh  which is a sign warning us of a Need for a Deep Exhalation! AHHH! A sigh  is a natural mean used by our body to exhale completely; once we have  OOPS neglected to do so under STRESS. Just remember in your past when  there was a Deep Stress & after that moment was over you felt the  dear need for a full exhalation. AHHH!!! MMM!!! So one MUST learn to  sigh methodically. Any blockage brought to your breathing system  provokes deep pains! So any amelioration will be beneficial to your body  & mindThe more one exhale air the more one is able to inhale. So  the increasing of your capacity is the goal of any respiratory  discipline.
 
      To take a conscious hold of your exhalation is the # 1 factor.  What we MUST strive for is to make it a habit. BREATHING BEFORE ANY  TASK! Exhale Deeply Before undertaking Any Task. You will thus  facilitate the climbing of long stairs. Exercise yourself to breath IN  during 2 steps, & to exhale during the next 2 steps. 2 IN & 2  OUT DEEPLY! But you MUST Exhale Completely BEFORE climbing the First  step! BREATHING TO FIGHT COLD!: 6 DEEP EXHALATIONS will also SUSTAIN and  INCREASE your RESISTANCE when you will have to fight against a "Deep  6!" Winter Wind! In any Harsh or Boring circumstances where STRESS puts a  grip on you; Exhale Slowly thus you will Recharge your Nervous System.  HUMMM! AHHH!
 
      BREATHING CONTROL EXERCISES: To help you along in this new  technique, try reading out loud is a good exercise. Take an article and  read on 1 breath as much as you can without effort. Do this a dozen time  the first day. Count the words and start over the next day, this way  you can measure your improvement.
      Another exercise is to count. Sit down comfortably, your back  straight, inhale slowly and regularly counting to 4, pause for 1 second,  then exhale till you reach 12, the next time; inhale till 5 and exhale  till 15. Keep it up this way; and measure your progress. Once you have  reached 21 you will notice that the fact of humming a song will help you  Enormously in limiting the quantity of air you exhale. These exercises  will bring MUCH GOOD to your OVERALL WELL BEING and will change many of  your regular habits.
 
      A conscious breathing also brings a conscious acting or behaving.  You will notice that it is impossible to slump in a couch and still  breath effectively. All one has to do is to get his shoulder blades as  close together as possible, to feel your lungs getting to work at their  best. MMM! After a while these exercises will become second nature for  an overall better well being. It could even help you cutting down on  smoking by reducing the stress overall! Just remember: " DEEP 6
      "Yours truly Richard Perron! May 1995

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